Migration as adaptation? climate change resilience and vulnerability in Bhutan
This article links climate change impacts, and associated drivers of chance, in Bhutan villages spur migration to Pasakha, an industrial estate perched on the Bhutan-India Border. Their labour migration is often experienced as a shifting of risks and precarity, not the mitigation thereof. In Pasakha, low-income migrant labours face recurring floods and pervasive pollution that threaten their livelihoods, housing, and heath. On the one hand, migration emerges as an adaptation strategy for smallholder farmers in the context of climate change and other challenging, enhancing resilience through income diversification and remittances. On the other, it also introduces new risks and precarity. This speaks to the simultaneous needs for migrant inclusive urban planning and the strengthening of rural livelihoods to support sustainable, climate-resillience migration pathways that mitigate precarity rather than shifting it.

